And here is another possibility to consider. Toxocariosis aka Roundworms. ASK YOUR VET if it's possible Duster could have this parasitic infection as a symptom is pseudo rickets:
http://publications.royalcanin.com/renv ... on=1973995
Toxocariasis
Clinical signs
In adults:
- Often asymptomatic in males (no revival of encysted larvae).
- Signs of malabsorption and maldigestion in females during the post-oestrus period, at the end of pregnancy or during lactation.
- Transient diarrhoeas following ascaricidal treatment.
In puppies:
- Abdominal bloating after nursing or meals.
- Weight loss, geophagia, pica.
-
Pseudo-rickets.
- Dull, "moth-eaten" fur (delayed "moulting").
- Delayed growth.
- "Helminthic cough" (ascarid pneumonia) between 15 days and 3 months of age.
- Vomiting (of worms).
- Intestinal obstruction or occlusion in case of massive infestation.
Toxocara canis and Toxocara leonina eggs. (© Parasitology école Nationale Vétérinaire Lyon)
Intestinal perforation caused by toxocariasis in a puppy. (© Royal Canin)
Definition
Digestive (and systemic in larval stage) parasitic disease due to the helminths of the Toxocara genus in the upper third of the small intestine. This parasite is so well suited to the canine species that its reproductive cycle is modelled on that of the dog. For this reason, all breeding kennels are currently affected by this disease.
Causes
Toxocara canis is the most common roundworm reported in puppies and bitches in dog breeding facilities. Toxascaris leonina is more rarely encountered in breeding facilities since it only affects adult dogs and weaned puppies.
Synonyms
- Ascariasis.
- Ascaridosis.
Transmission
- Prenatal infestation by larvae (encysted in muscles) crossing the bitch's placenta. Larvae, whose revival occurs during oestrus or from the 42nd day of pregnancy, are the main source of contamination of puppies. Puppies begin to harbour adult worms in the digestive lumen by the age of 15 days, prepatence (interval between infestation and faecal excretion of eggs) is approximately 4 weeks.
- Puppies that are not infested before birth may become via other routes (maternal milk or environment) and excreted eggs (evidence of reproduction of adult worms) from the 5th week of age.
Zoonotic toxocariasis
Human contamination occurs by oral route through absorption of embryonic eggs or larvae of Toxocara sp. (Toxascaris does not present any risk of zoonotic disease). However, accidental ingestion of eggs from fur is not dangerous for a child caressing his puppy. Zoonosis is incomplete (due to parasite death) but may nevertheless be dangerous in case of migration to the nervous system. Seropreva-lence (Ag-ES) in humans living in urban areas is estimated at 2-5% in adults and 7-15% in children. Human toxocariasis takes different forms (visceral larva migrans (VML) in children, systemic toxocariasis in adults, ocular toxocariasis, neurological toxocariasis). Roundworms containing powerful allergens are even suspected of contributing to allergic sensitisation of atopic individuals, especially amongst asthmatic children.
Prevention through sanitation measures is of major importance for man in whom antiparasitic treatments have shown to have little effect.
Diagnosis
- Collective faecal examination.
- Baermann's method (examination for larvae).
- Hypereosinophilia (inconstant).
- A negative faecal examination in a puppy does not mean that the latter is free from ascariasis. Parasites may not yet be in their reproductive stage. In addition, it should be pointed out that, because of prepatence, faecal examination for parasites is generally negative in puppies under 3 weeks of age, irrespective of the degree of infestation.
Differential diagnosis
- Other digestive parasitic diseases (in particular, coccidiosis during weaning).
- Infectious enteritis.
- Generic dog food disease (weaning diets of very low digestibility).
- Mistakes in nutritional transition during weaning.
Treatment
Anthelmintic treatment (worming) in dogs
- Piperazine and pyrantel are the only real anthelmintics (expulsion of whole living parasites). For other compounds, the term vermicides (which kill worms) would be more appropriate.
Beware: piperazine is not always well tolerated by small dog breeds(frequent vomiting).
- Despite this fact, this molecule should always be used initially in cases of suspicion of massive infestation during the post-weaning period (anthelmintic to be used for three days consecutively). In fact, it enables the destruction of parasites and, therefore, endotoxinic shock-type reactions caused by the massive release of toxins accompanying parasitic lysis. In case of doubt, a low dose of vermicide can also be used on the first day of treatment and increased on the following days.
- Since pyrantel does not cross the intestinal wall, it has no action on migrating larvae. Therefore, it is not recommended in bitches during the period of larval reactivation nor in young puppies (period of hepatic and pulmonary larval migration).
- To destroy larvae during migration and limit risks of foetal contamination by the transplacental route, it is advisable to use anthelmintics with good tissue diffusion such as the following benzimidazoles:
- Fenbendazole (adult worms and larvae),
- Oxfendazole (adult worms and larvae),
- Febantel (adult worms, larvae?).
- Flubendazole (adult worms).
- Febantel transforms into fenbendazole and then oxfendazole in the body, which explains why it has similar effect to these molecules.
- Levamisole is dangerous for puppies under 3 months of age and should not be administered to pregnant bitches, which limits its use.
- Selamectin is active on adult worms present in the intestinal lumen.
Consequently, a rational prevention plan against roundworm infestations would, for instance, be based on the following:
Treatment of bitches
- Fourth, third and second days prior to mating,
- Forty-first, -second and -third days of pregnancy,
- Ten days after whelping to control post partum infestation risks related to the ingestion of meconium.
- At the time of weaning of puppies.
Treatment of puppies
- From the 12-15th day of age to limit the risks of larval migration causing "helminthic cough" (fenbendazole or oxfendazole from the 15th day only).
- Then every two weeks until the age of three months, alternating the above-mentioned anthelmintics and preventing stress conditions (weaning, sale). After this period, and assuming that puppies live isolated from dog groups, the risk of parasitic infestation diminishes (spontaneous elimination by acquiring local intestinal immunity) and worming will be indicated only in cases of positive faecal examination results or during the breeding period of young females.
- "Blind" use of anthelmintics (whether vermifugal or vermicidal) in breeding facilities is not effective against single-celled digestive parasites such as Coccidia or Giardia, which explains the current recrudescence of protozoan disease outbreaks in breeding facilities.
- Oxfendazole and fenbendazole are effective on l2 and l3 larvae of Toxocara canis at the doses recommended by the manufacturer (78-92% efficacy).
- Only albendazole, oxfendazole and fenbendazole are effective against Toxocara canis larvae whereas mebendazole, flubendazole and oxibendazole are ineffective. The presumed larvicidical effect of febantel has not been investigated yet.
With a view to preventing resistance phenomena, it is advisable to have several families of anthelmintics, with different modes of actions, available. In fact, even if resistance has never been proven in carnivores, studies on herbivores have shown crossbred resistance of other helminths (strongyle-typed) to all benzimidazoles. Resistance of Ancylostoma hookworms to benzimidazoles has been reported in some breeding facilities in Great Britain.
Treatments lasting several days consecutively, reducing dosage where necessary, are recommended to ensure better destruction of migrating larvae (in bitches at the end of pregnancy and puppies up to 3 months of age).
Irrespective of the anthelmintic used, it is not recommended to worm bitches during the first twenty days of pregnancy because encysted larvae are insensitive to anthelmintics and because some anthelmintics may cause side effects in the dam or foetus during this period (cleft palate in particular).
Prevention
Any medication is doomed to failure if appropriate prevention measures are not taken to destroy Toxocara canis eggs that can resist for more than two years in the environment. Breeders should pay particular attention to the most seriously infested areas (whelping premises, nursery).
Hygiene in kennels
- Considering that there are no chemical products (usable in the presence of the animals) capable of destroying resistant forms of the parasite in the environment, and that the eggs need more than one day to become infective, faeces should be collected daily and dogs at risk (breeding females and puppies before sale) prevented from defecating in common runs. Natural phenols (2% cresol, synthetic phenols) provide beneficial efficacy and persistence, besides being inexpensive and very safe for dogs.
- Yards must be washed with a detergent (in order to dislodge parasitic elements), paying particular attention to wood-made materials or tile joints. Proper rinsing should then allow drainage of wastewaters into individual siphons (in each dog-run). Lastly, treatment of clean surfaces with superheated steam or using a horticultural flamethrower (provided