You have already been given some great advice...so I will only supplement it here...but I am not prepared to say how much your dog should be eating. Much of that depends on his size (an active, healthy 70 lb Labradoodle will need more food than a 50 lb Labradoodle and an active dog, of course, needs more than an inactive one.)
I suspect that since Charley hurts at times, his activity level has declined. Perhaps not to a point where you would normally notice, but if he hurts he will be more careful.
I totally agree that you need to look at the type of food you are feeding. Store brands are usually loaded with fillers and sometimes even sugar...not to mention "artificial" sources of neutrients.
I believe that feeding "large breed" puppy food helps to prevent too many calories too soon and will limit growth. Still, at 6 months pups can safely be eating adult food.
Check the table scraps...I know how hard that can be (we have been guilty of this too many times, I am sorry to admit.)
I'd suggest cutting back the calories, checking quality of food, feeding only two meals a day (cut out the puppy third meal) and increasing the activity level (but only if it is safe, under his painful circumstances.)
I don't believe that a "lay person" can determine hip problems by manipulation of the leg...so, I suggest that you get the vet's opinion.
Also, if this is HD, your breeder will require a diagnosis...usually within a reasonable time. Your breeder may consider Charley's weight or quick growth a factor in the problem and it could impact the warranty...so read your health warranty to see if there are restrictions.
Finally, ask your breeder for verification of hip testing for the parents. While it is true that HD can happen even if the parent's hips are good (a recessive gene can crop up) ... if no testing has been done, this might become an issue for you.
The most important reason to get a vet diagnosis is to get Charley the help he needs...he may not have HD...it may be something totally unrelated.
I hope that you are able to get Charley feeling better. I am sorry that he is suffering.